Symptoms of Marana: Practitioner Q&A 24
A practitioner Q&A session focused on recognizing and countering Marana — the physical and dream-based symptoms of a severe lethal occult attack, why Mahabhairava Sadhana should not be attempted at home by novices, how to reverse a weaponized ritual (Marana Pratighata), and clarifying the divine Ashta Shakti (Dakini, Shakini, and related names) from unrelated lower spirit entities — alongside guidance on Kurukulla worship, Gadanta Vidya, Sutak/Varshiki restrictions, Bhuta Shuddhi, and protecting daughters and sisters through Tapobala.
What this video covers
26 concepts, in the order they are taught. Jump to any one.
26 also answer a common question
Questions this answers
26 of the notes below are questions in their own right. Scroll for more.
Vedic versus Tantric Pranava for householders
Should householders chant the Vedic Pranava (Om) independently, or use the Tantric Pranava instead?
As prescribed in the Shiva Mahapurana, independent recitation of the Vedic Pranava is ordained strictly for sannyasis — householders should either combine it with a divine name (such as 'Hari Om') or use the Tantric Pranava, which does not reduce a mantra's spiritual efficacy.
As prescribed in scriptures such as the Shiva Mahapurana, the independent recitation of the Vedic Pranava (Om) is ordained strictly for sannyasis (renunciates). Householders should not chant Vedic Pranava independently — when used, it is combined with divine names (such as 'Hari Om'). For householders performing mantra sadhana, it is far more appropriate and beneficial to use the Tantric Pranava as an alternative; using it does not reduce the spiritual efficacy or fruit of the mantra.
Building capability for a righteous confrontation
How does one build inner capability for a righteous confrontation through mantra Sadhana?
By performing the Sadhana and accomplishing (Siddhi) the mantra of one's own Ishta Devata — all deities possess supreme power and have engaged in battle when necessary.
To build inner capability for a righteous confrontation, one should perform the sadhana and accomplish (siddhi) the mantra of one's own Ishta Devata (revered deity). All deities possess supreme power and have engaged in battle when necessary.
Which deities destroy Abhichara
Which deities are effective for destroying Tantric/occult afflictions (Abhichara)?
All deities possess the power to destroy negative occult influences, but the primary determining factor is one's Kula Devata — if lineage traditions are unknown, one should begin with Guru and Ganapati worship, followed by an Anushthana of Lord Bhairava with Deepadana.
All deities possess the power to destroy negative occult influences (Abhichara). The primary determining factor is one's Kula Devata (lineage deity) — if Lord Shiva, the Divine Mother, or Sheetla Mata is the family deity, one should perform their traditional worship, recite their Kavacham, and conduct a PurashcharanaA ritualistic repetition of a mantra to prescribed rules — required in Tantra Sadhana. of their Stotram or Sahasranama before applying it against the affliction. If lineage traditions are unknown, one should begin with Guru and Ganesha worship, followed by an AnushthanaAn extended ritual observance — such as 108 recitations of a scripture — carrying its own strict rules. of Lord Bhairava accompanied by Deepadana (lamp offerings) — Bhairava is a principal deity of protection whose Tantric rites swiftly counteract Abhichara.
Keeping camphor and Bali vessels apart from Naivedya
Why should camphor and Bali offerings be kept in separate vessels from Naivedya and Aarti?
Camphor should never be lit in the same bowl used for Naivedya (food offering); similarly, when offering camphor-clove Bali, keep a dedicated Bali Patra for the offering separate from the Aarti Patra used for waving the sacred flame.
Do not light camphor in the same bowl in which Naivedya (food offering) is offered — camphor should be lit separately. Likewise, when offering camphor-clove offerings (Bali), keep two distinct vessels: a dedicated Bali Patra for the offering, and a separate Aarti Patra for waving the sacred flame.
The two stages of Mahabhairava Sadhana
What are the two stages of Mahabhairava Sadhana, and why should novices avoid invoking him directly at home?
First a dedicated Purashcharana of the Mahabhairava Mantra, then of the intertwined Stotra — but Mahabhairava is an Ugratama (exceedingly fierce) deity whose intense energy can consume everything indiscriminately in a household with unverified family deities or ancestral spirits, so it must first be awakened at a temple or Tirtha.
Mahabhairava Sadhana is divided into two distinct stages: completing a dedicated PurashcharanaA ritualistic repetition of a mantra to prescribed rules — required in Tantra Sadhana. of the Mahabhairava Mantra independently, then completing an independent Purashcharana of the Mahabhairava Stotra (which is Samputita/intertwined with the mantra). If negative afflictions involve resident family members within a shared household, conducting the sadhana within that house will not resolve the issue — for severe occult afflictions, home sadhana is insufficient for a beginner because accumulated daily energy dissipates rapidly. It must be performed in a consecrated temple, a sacred pilgrimage site (tirtha), or during auspicious cosmic alignments such as Vyatipata Yoga, where a brief practice yields tenfold results compared to home practice. Mahabhairava is an exceedingly fierce (Ugratama'Most fierce' — the superlative classification for an exceptionally intense deity form like Mahabhairava, whose energy, if invoked directly in an unverified household, can consume everything indiscriminately without filtering.) deity — if invoked directly in a household where family deities, ancestral spirits (Pitrus), or hidden entities are unverified, the intense energy can consume everything indiscriminately without filtering. Tantra is an orderly, systematic process: first awaken the mantra and integrate the deity's subtle presence at a temple, where diverse divine forces and ancestral siddhas align to facilitate success without harming anyone. If ancestral spirits are fierce, they require proper rituals (fumes, dhoop, havana, strict sanctification) to manifest peacefully at home — invoking fierce deity energies in an unpurified domestic environment causes physical and mental distress. Experienced practitioners with established disciplines can manage the energy, whereas novices facing distress will only compound their troubles by attempting fierce home rites prematurely.
Tears during Panchakshari japa
Are emotional outbursts or crying during Shiva Panchakshari japa a sign of negativity?
No — experiencing intense emotions or tears during Shiva Panchakshari japa is an auspicious state of devotional absorption (Bhava), arising from deep surrender and the awakening of the mantra's living consciousness (Chaitanya).
Experiencing intense emotions or tears during the japa of Shiva Panchakshari Mantra is not a sign of negativity. It is an auspicious state of devotional absorption (Bhava) arising from deep surrender, connection to the deity, and the awakening of the mantra's living consciousness (ChaitanyaFull consciousness and living presence of the Divinity, awakened by reciting the specific hymns that were recited before that deity first manifested.).
The symptoms of a severe Marana attack
What are the latent and physical symptoms of a severe Marana (lethal occult) attack?
Unexplained fainting or vertigo with no clinical cause, involuntary twitching on one contrary side of the body, sharp pain in ritually targeted areas (face, skull, ears, throat), and identical symptoms manifesting simultaneously across multiple family members, indicating a collective occult installment (Chauki).
Latent and physical symptoms of severe lethal afflictions (Marana Prayoga) include: unexplained, frequent bouts of fainting, sudden lightheadedness, or extreme vertigo/dizziness regardless of blood pressure readings, where clinical diagnostics reveal no definitive underlying disease; involuntary, persistent twitching in contrary limbs (e.g. in men, continuous twitching on the left side from toe to ear, arm, or eye); sharp, intense pain or persistent twitching in areas targeted by the ritual (facial areas, head, skull, cheeks, ears, or throat when skull/sacrifice rituals are used). If identical symptoms manifest simultaneously across multiple family members, it indicates a collective, high-intensity occult installment (Chauki).
Deceptive dreams during an occult attack
What are deceptive dream signs during a severe occult attack, and how can one see through them?
Practitioners often experience deceptive dreams (Bhatkaiya) where the actual perpetrator appears friendly to avoid suspicion; a practitioner with substantial accumulated japa will find the mantra reciting automatically in sleep, and recalling it instantly dismantles the illusion and reveals the adversary's true hostile nature.
During severe occult attacks, practitioners often experience deceptive dreams (Bhatkaiya). The actual perpetrator may appear in dreams as friendly, helpful, and affectionate to prevent suspicion and avert counter-rituals. If a practitioner has accumulated substantial japa (e.g. thousands of repetitions of Sri Durga Saptashati, Chandi Kavacham, Kamakhya Kavacham, or Astra mantras), the mantra becomes deeply ingrained in the subconscious and begins reciting automatically during sleep or half-slumber. In this awakened state, if one encounters the deceptive astral form of the enemy in a dream, simply recalling one's awakened mantra, stotra, or Chalisa instantly dismantles the illusion and reveals the true hostile nature of the adversary.
Reversing a lethal Tantric affliction
How is a lethal Tantric affliction (Marana) reversed?
Occult reversal (Marana Pratighata) cannot be achieved by trivial folk remedies and requires authentic initiation — specific consecrated counter-offerings for spirit-fueled rituals, the deity's Bhairava counterpart to pacify a weaponized Mahavidya, or Bagala Pratyangira for a weaponized Bagalamukhi ritual, executable only by a fully initiated adept.
Occult reversals cannot be achieved by trivial folk remedies — amateur attempts often lead to severe counter-attacks by the opponent. Reversing an affliction (Marana Pratighata) requires authentic initiation and scriptural mastery: for rituals fueled by offering-based spirit entities, specific consecrated counter-offerings (Bhog-BhetSpecific consecrated counter-offerings used to reverse a Tantric ritual fueled by offering-based spirit entities.) are used. When high Tantric deities (such as Bagalamukhi) have been weaponized for Marana, the practitioner must align the corresponding fierce counterpart — the deity's Bhairava, such as Mahamrityunjaya and Rudrabhisheka — to pacify the energy. To reverse a Bagalamukhi ritual with double or hundredfold force, Bagala PratyangiraA combined invocation used to reverse a weaponized Bagalamukhi ritual with double or hundredfold force — executable only by an adept who has completed a full Bagalamukhi Purashcharana under Guru mandate. is required, executable only by an adept who has completed a full Bagalamukhi Purashcharana under Guru mandate. For accomplished practitioners of Mahabhairava, when an occult attack is diagnosed, consecrated sacrifices (such as raw lime, coconut, or nutmeg) infused with the Mahabhairava Mantra are used to sever the ties and command the spiritual forces (Veeras) to send the affliction across the ocean to its source. Reversal methods must be tailored individually based on the victim's spiritual stature, karma, and severity of pain.
Datta Homa, Viniyoga phrasing and lime offerings
What ritual details govern Datta Homa, Viniyoga phrasing, and lime offerings for severance?
Datta idol Homa should use the 108 Namavali of Dattatreya rather than the Datta Mala Mantra; Viniyoga is phrased 'Pathe Viniyogah' for a single recitation and 'Jape Viniyogah' for repeated japa; raw green limes from crossroads are traditionally preferred for swift occult severance.
Do not perform Homa for a Dattatreya idol consecration using the Datta Mala Mantra — perform Homa using the 108 Namavali of Lord Dattatreya instead. For Viniyoga phrasing: for a single recitation of a Stotra/Kavacham, state 'Pathe Viniyogah'; when performing multiple recitations, japa of stotra/sahasranama, or repetitive kavacham chanting, state 'Jape Viniyogah'. Raw green limes procured from specific crossroads/pathways are traditionally preferred for swift occult severance. For resolving protracted marital or divorce distress, conduct continuous recitation of the Sankat Nashan Ganapati Stotra (108 recitations daily for 6 months while offering fresh Durva grass blades) accompanied by observing the Chaturthi fast.
Prarabdha, potent timings, and Kalsarpa Dosha
How do Prarabdha and auspicious cosmic timings interact, and what remedies Kalsarpa Dosha?
Spiritual practices on potent conjunctions like Vyatipata Yoga or Mokshada Ekadashi can condense ten years of Prarabdha suffering into a single year; for Kalsarpa Dosha, have the afflicted person recite the 108 names of Shiva and Goddess Manasa daily alongside a milk-and-water Shiva Abhisheka over the serpent Vasuki.
Planetary horoscopes and PrarabdhaThe portion of destiny already set in motion by past actions — spiritual practice and good deeds can lessen its severity, but not eliminate it. represent the fruit of past actions, but auspicious spiritual practices mitigate their severity. Performing spiritual meritorious deeds on potent conjunctions — such as Vyatipata Yoga, Mokshada Ekadashi (Gita Jayanti in Margashirsha) — multiplies spiritual merit exponentially, potentially condensing ten years of suffering into a single year. Signs of exhausting negative Prarabdha include spontaneous inner lightness, joy, and the cessation of pervasive cynicism. Performing sinful acts during sacred cosmic alignments generates severe destructive Prarabdha instead. As prescribed by the Shastras, householders should perform daily Pancha Bali (feeding animals/creatures with genuine reverence) and surrender the outcome to the Divine. For Kalsarpa Dosha, have the afflicted person memorize and recite the 108 names of Lord Shiva and Goddess Manasa, followed by daily Shiva Abhisheka with cow's milk — ensuring the milk streams over the serpent Vasuki on the Lingam and over the Shivalinga itself — followed by water Abhisheka and lighting a ghee lamp.
Kurukulla across the lineages
Does Kurukulla belong to a single lineage, and what does her worship require?
No — distinct forms of Kurukulla exist across the lineages of each of the Ten Mahavidyas as well as Goddess Durga, and her specific worship requires initiation within that specific Guru tradition.
Goddess Kurukulla does not belong to a single lineage — distinct forms of Kurukulla exist across the lineages of each of the Ten Mahavidyass as well as Goddess Durga. Specific worship requires initiation within that specific Guru tradition.
Gadanta Vidya, and lamps of native cow dung
What is Gadanta Vidya, and how effective are cow dung lamps against contaminated spaces?
Lamps prepared from native cow dung are exceptionally potent for spiritual protection and purifying spaces contaminated by heavy negative energies; buried occult items (Gadanta Vidya) from past decades can be systematically neutralized through step-by-step purification and counter-rituals.
Lamps prepared from native cow dung are exceptionally potent for spiritual protection and purifying spaces contaminated by heavy negative energies. Buried occult items (Gadanta Vidya) from past decades can be systematically neutralized through step-by-step spiritual purification and specific counter-rituals.
Vaidika and Tantrika Sandhya, and temple consecration
How do Vaidika Sandhya and Tantrika Sandhya relate, and how does this split apply to temple consecration?
Those invested with the Yajnopavita must perform Vaidika Sandhya as their foundational duty, with Tantrika Sandhya alongside or afterward — similarly, in temple consecration the foundational rites up to the opening of the eyes follow Vedic rites, while the subsequent Peetha Puja and Peetha Nyasa follow Tantric tradition, the two traditions complementing each other.
In traditional practice, those invested with the sacred thread (YajnopavitaThe sacred thread ceremony marking initiation into Vedic rites (Janeu) — if lapsed across generations, expiation (Prayashchitta) for each known generation is required before it can be resumed.) must perform Vaidika SandhyaThe twice- or thrice-daily prayer rite performed at dawn and dusk — Vedic Sandhya requires eligibility under Varnashrama, while those without it may instead undergo Tantrik initiation and perform Tantrik Sandhya. (Gayatri japa according to their Veda, Shakha, and Gotra) as their foundational duty. Tantrika Sandhya is performed alongside or subsequently — neglecting Vaidika Sandhya entirely when qualified is improper unless specific Guru dispensation exists. In temple consecrations (Prana Pratishtha), the foundational rites up to Netra Unmeelana (opening of the eyes) and Jiva Nyasa proceed according to Vedic rites; subsequent Peetha Puja and Peetha Nyasa follow Tantric traditions according to Guru lineage. Both traditions complement each other.
The most effective remedy during Shani Dasha
What is the most effective remedy during Saturn's planetary period (Shani Dasha)?
Strict adherence to discipline, routine, and righteous conduct (Niyama) is the most effective remedy — practiced before sunrise or at twilight, alongside reciting the Shani Ashtakam and performing Anushthana of Hanuman or the Divine Mother for swift relief.
The most effective remedy during Saturn's planetary period is strict adherence to discipline, routine, and righteous conduct (Niyama). Auspicious periods for Saturn-related practices are before sunrise (after bathing) or immediately at twilight (after sunset). Reciting the Shani Ashtakam, reciting Lord Shani's praise of Mahakala, and performing AnushthanaAn extended ritual observance — such as 108 recitations of a scripture — carrying its own strict rules. of Lord Hanuman or the Divine Mother provide swift relief.
How many Shivalingas may be kept at home
How many Shivalingas can be kept at home, and is a Narmadeshwar Lingam auspicious for anyone?
Traditional rules prohibit keeping exactly three Shivalingas at home — keep fewer than three, or four or more, with advanced practitioners keeping 12 corresponding to the Jyotirlingas; worship of the Narmadeshwar Shivalinga is auspicious for all and requires no complex extraction or prohibition.
Traditional rules prohibit keeping exactly three Shivalingas at home — keep fewer than three, or four or more. Advanced practitioners keep 12 corresponding to the Jyotirlingas. Worship of the Narmadeshwar Shivalinga at home is auspicious for all individuals and scripturally endorsed across the Puranas — it requires no complex extraction or prohibition.
What practice remains permitted during Sutak
What spiritual practices remain permitted during Sutak or before Varshiki rites?
During bereavement (Sutak) or before the annual death-anniversary rites (Varshiki), when major ritual Sadhanas are prohibited, one may light a lamp for Kshetrapala or recite chapters from the Bhagavad Gita or Devi Gita, which bestows merit and elevates the departed soul.
During bereavement (Sutak) or before the annual death anniversary rites (Varshiki), when major ritual sadhanas are prohibited, one may light a lamp for Kshetrapal. One may also perform recitation (PurashcharanaA ritualistic repetition of a mantra to prescribed rules — required in Tantra Sadhana.) of chapters from the Srimad Bhagavad Gita (especially Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11) or the Devi Gita — this bestows immense merit upon the practitioner and elevates the departed soul to higher realms.
Whether an Ekakshari Guru mantra serves material ends
Can an Ekakshari Guru Mantra be used for material desire fulfillment?
An Ekakshari Guru Mantra can be used to awaken (Jagriti) other mantras as a nourishing application, but it should not be employed directly for worldly or material desire fulfillment (Kamya Prayoga).
An Ekakshari Guru Mantra can be utilized to awaken (Jagriti) other mantras — a nutritive/nourishing application — but it should not be employed directly for worldly/material desire fulfillment (Kamya PrayogaThe application of a mantra for worldly or material desire fulfillment — an Ekakshari Guru Mantra, for instance, may be used to awaken other mantras but should not be employed for this purpose directly.).
Missing a day of the 64 Yogini Namavali
Does missing a day of the 64 Yogini Namavali cause harm, and when is the ideal time to chant it?
No — missing a day or two carries no harmful side effect since it is a hymn of praise rather than an evaporative ritual; outside of Navratri, the ideal traditional period to chant the 64 Yoginis is from Ashtami through Chaturdashi of the lunar fortnight.
Missing a day or two of chanting the 64 Yogini Namavali carries no harmful side effect, as it is a hymn of praise and not an evaporative or direct manifestation ritual. For daily spiritual protection during domestic turmoil, practice Goddess Kamakhya Kavacham, the 64 Namavali, and regular Shiva Abhisheka daily for at least 30 minutes. Outside of Navratri, an ideal traditional lunar period to chant the 64 Yoginis is from the Ashtami (8th day) through the Chaturdashi (14th day) of the lunar fortnight.
The divine Ashta Shakti versus the lower entities
How do the divine Ashta Shakti differ from the lower entities with the same names?
In authentic Tantric mandalas like the Eight Bhairavas and Batuk Bhairava, Dakini, Shakini, Hakini, Lakini, Rakini, and Kakini represent the Tantric manifestations of the Eight Primordial Durgas — completely distinct from the low-level demi-god or ethereal entities that share similar names, which scriptural passages about their destruction actually refer to.
In authentic Tantric mandalas (such as the worship of the Eight Bhairavas and Batuk Bhairava), the terms Dakini, Shakini, Hakini, Lakini, Rakini, and Kakini represent Ashta Shakti (Eight Primordial Durgas)The Tantric manifestations of the Eight Primordial Durgas (Jaya, Vijaya, Ajita, Aparajita, and others) seated on the eight lotus petals in mandalas like the Eight Bhairavas and Batuk Bhairava — named Dakini, Shakini, Hakini, Lakini, Rakini, and Kakini, but entirely distinct from the lower demi-god or spirit entities (Upadeva/Bhuta-Pretadi) that share similar names. — the Tantric manifestations of the Eight Primordial Durgas (Jaya, Vijaya, Ajita, Aparajita, etc.) seated upon the eight lotus petals. These divine Shaktis are completely distinct from low-level demi-god/ethereal entities (Upadeva/Bhuta-Pretadi) that share similar names. Scriptural passages mentioning the destruction of negative Dakinis-Shakinis (such as by Lord Hanuman) refer strictly to malevolent spirit entities, not the divine Shaktis of the Divine Mother — authentic Guru transmission clarifies these distinctions.
Why a Parvati Shila needs no Prana Pratishtha
Does a Parvati Shila require formal Prana Pratishtha before worship?
No — a consecrated Parvati Shila does not require formal Prana Pratishtha, and all forms and aspects of the Divine Mother can be worshipped upon it.
A consecrated Parvati ShilaA consecrated stone representing the Divine Mother that does not require formal Prana Pratishtha — all forms and aspects of the Goddess can be worshipped upon it. does not require formal Prana Pratishtha. All forms and aspects of the Divine Mother can be worshipped upon it.
Remedying occult-tainted food or drink
How does one remedy being made to consume occult-tainted food or drink (Khilaya-Pilaya)?
Consume water consecrated with a mastered Kavacham, the Argha runoff water from a Shivling, or the Charanamrita of Lord Sri Hari Narayana, ingested on an empty stomach after daily worship to purge the ingested toxic astral impurities.
If one has been made to consume substances laced with malicious occult intent (Khilaya-Pilaya) — causing sudden internal distress or bloody vomiting undetectable by medical diagnostics — consume water consecrated with a mastered Kavacham, or drink the runoff water from the base (ArghaThe base and water-channel surrounding a Shivling, through which abhishekam offerings drain away.) of the Shivalinga in a Shiva temple, or drink CharanamritaSacred foot-nectar of a deity, consumed as part of daily worship — such as at a Narasimha temple, alongside wearing Tulsi offered to the deity upon the head. (sanctified foot-wash water) of Lord Sri Hari Narayana. Ingest this sanctified water on an empty stomach after daily worship to purge the ingested toxic astral impurities.
Bhuta Shuddhi and its three methods
What is Bhuta Shuddhi, and through which three methods is it performed?
Purification of the five gross elements (Bhuta Shuddhi) is conducted via three distinct methods: Mantratmaka (mantra-based), Varnatmaka (letter/seed-syllable based), and Bhautika (physical/ritual-substance based).
Purification of the five gross elements (Bhuta Shuddhi) is conducted via three distinct methods: Mantratmaka (mantra-based process), Varnatmaka (letter/seed-syllable based process), and Bhautika (physical/ritual substance based process).
Protecting daughters and sisters through Tapobala
How can daughters and sisters be spiritually protected from predatory individuals?
Cultivate spiritual austerity (Tapobala) and have them regularly recite the Kamakhya Kavacham or fierce protective hymns — this establishes Goddess Kamakhya's living subtle presence within their subtle body, creating an impenetrable shield against malicious predators, provided moral integrity is maintained.
To protect women and girls against predatory individuals, cultivate spiritual austerity (Tapo-bala). Have daughters and sisters regularly recite the Kamakhya Kavacham or fierce protective hymns of the Divine Mother/Bhairava. This establishes the living subtle presence (Tattva) of Goddess Kamakhya within their subtle body (Sukshma Sharir), creating an impenetrable shield that relentlessly neutralizes malicious predators, provided moral integrity and righteousness are maintained.
The primary deities for health and healing
Which deities are primary for health, healing, and healthcare afflictions?
The primary deities for healing, recovery, and healthcare afflictions are Lord Vaidyanatha, the Ashwini Kumaras, and Lord Mahamrityunjaya.
Primary deities for healing, recovery, and healthcare afflictions are Lord Vaidyanatha, the Ashwini KumarasThe divine twin physicians of the gods, invoked alongside Lord Vaidyanatha and Mahamrityunjaya as primary deities for health and healing., and Lord Mahamrityunjaya.
Dattatreya as a synthesis of divine energies
Why is Lord Dattatreya considered a supreme synthesis of divine energies?
Lord Dattatreya represents a supreme synthesis of divine energies through whom ancestral spirits and lineage deities across all traditions — Kaula, Shakta, Vaishnava, and Shaiva — find unified harmony and satisfaction.
Lord Dattatreya represents a supreme synthesis of divine energies through whom ancestral spirits (Pitrus) and lineage deities across all traditions (Kaula, Shakta, Vaishnava, Shaiva) find unified harmony and satisfaction.
These are notes of our learnings from a public external source (youtube video by author Grihastha Tantra). OccultGuide does not verify or originate the knowledge or the practices itself.